The Atkinson And Shiffrin Human Memory Model From Stimuli

This paper identifies and describes the Atkinson and Shiffrin Human Memory Model from stimuli to long-term memory. Additionally, the writer includes a discussion of factors that enhance or impede information flow in each step of the process. The paper also describes the proactive and retroactive interference and how to facilitate maximum retention through long-term memory. Also, the essayist explains other kinds of forgetting and discusses strategies that can improve memory consolidation and retrieval. Memory is an important asset. Remembering that first date, the scores of the last Super Bowl Game, or the words to a favorite song, bring back precious moments from the past. Memory, as Dr. Wheeler of Atlanta InterContental University, notes in recent Live Chat, â€Å"is the capacity to retain and retrieve information.† Also, memory helps in knowing how to do things, recall past events and serves as a guide toward the future. Furthermore, Dr. Wheeler explains, memory give s a sense of confidence and personal identity. Understanding how memory works is important to all. However, it is beneficial to students in recalling and applying what the professor explains during the Live Chats and studying, of course. In 1958, Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin developed the Stage Model of Memory. The Stage Model of Memory â€Å"contains three separate memory systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory† (Board, 2011, p. 123). Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) suggestShow MoreRelatedThe Multi Store Model And The Working Memory Model1278 Words   |  6 PagesMemory is our ability to encode, store,retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain (Luke Mastin,2010). In this review I am going to focus on the multi store model and the working memory model, which explain in detail how memory works. The multi-store model (MSM) of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), explains that the memory is made up of three different stores.These are: sensory memory (SM), short term memory(STM) and long term memory(LTM). This modelRead MoreEssay about The Human Memory Model1732 Words   |  7 PagesMemory, Thinking, and Intelligence Memory is the process in our brain that the results of learning are stored for future recall. There are three types of memory, sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. The human memory processing system is comprised of an input or encoding stage, a storage process, and a retrieval process, the human memory also tends to forget quite a bit of information. Psychologists have many general principles to help us improve our memory and learning how theRead MorePsychology: the Human Memory1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe Human Memory Tracey Percifield American Intercontinental University Abstract Unit 4 IP The human mind is a fascinating instrument that is very complex and even though we know quite a lot about it we still do not know everything. The human memory has three phases of memory interpretation; Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory. Knowing how each of these memories store information is comparison to c computer. The average adult knows anywhere between 50,000 to 100, 00 wordsRead MoreHow Many Different Types of Memory System Are There? Illustrate Your Answer with Examples of the Kinds of Information Which Each System Stores1573 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the belief that memory is composed of several distinct systems is not novel, it is only around the mid 20th century that experimental studies carried out on amnesic patients have started to confirm it (Squire, 2004). This essay will discuss the different types of memory systems that have been found, their distinctions and evidence supporting their existence derived from studies on amnesiacs. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model suggests that memory is a flow of informationRead MoreEssay about The Human-Computer Interface1602 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment 4: The Human-Computer Interface CIS- 106 Assignment 4: The Human-Computer Interface Haptic feedback, often referred to as simply haptics, is the use of the sense of touch in a user interface design to provide information to an end user. When referring to mobile phones and similar devices, this generally means the use of vibrations from the devices vibration alarm to denote that a touchscreen button has been pressed. In this particular example, the phone would vibrate slightlyRead MoreMemory Span Capacity2583 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract The memory span experiment tested the theory that there is a short term memory system that is limited in capacity and is influenced by different processes. The memory span experiment included different stimuli, which were numeric, letters that sound different, and letters that sound the same. 10 undergraduate students recalled stimuli in the same order that was presented to them. It is hypothesized that short term memory is a limited capacity system that is influenced by verbalRead MoreCognitive Learning - Educational Psychology1074 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess. (Huitt 2006) Much research is done on how we process information. There have been numerous models created to help illustrate this process. Metacognition is also important to educators in it allows a learner to judge how well they are learning a particular subject. There are many ways that we process information. Theorists have developed models of information processing. These models are a cornerstone for education. They provide teachers with understanding of how their students retainRead MoreInformation Processing Theory: Influencing Cognition983 Words   |  4 PagesInformation Processing Theory: Influencing Cognition Historically, viable theoretical models have been developed and applied throughout the history of the field of psychology in an attempt to better understand how the human mind receives, processes, stores, and retrieves information. Understanding how the human brain receives, processes, stores, and recalls information is significantly important to psychological research of cognitive development and identifying deficiencies in learning. The vastRead MoreEvaluate the Working Memory Model1310 Words   |  6 PagesWorking Memory Introduction Human memory is a complex cognitive structure, which can be defined in many ways. One would argue that memory is 1.) The mental function of retaining information about stimuli, event, images, ideas, etc. after the original stimuli is no longer present. 2.) The hypothesized storage system in the mind that holds this information is so retained. A clear distinction is made between different types of memory systems and can be divided into subclasses. The first model ofRead MoreTheory : Cognitive Learning Theory Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesDual-Store Model of Memory, which was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, and is the most prevalent model of human memory used today. This model states that people take in information to their Sensory Register where it is held for a very short time, maybe a few seconds. The input is either processed and moved to our Short-Term/Working Memory or lost. The information is retained at this point for less than a minute, unless it is further processed and moved into our Long-Term Memory. As teachers

Literature Review High Census Improvement Essay

Literature review High census Improvement Some of the issues hospitals in the world facing today are financial challenges, patient satisfaction, population health management, government mandates, and physician- hospital relations. Out of which financial impact seems to be a key issue. The financial stability of hospitals depends on managing facility capacity and core inpatient production lines. (Kobis Kennedy, 2006) In hospitals beds are a critical resource needed to serve the patient and also it serves as a queue for needed care. Kettering Health Network uses Clinical Information System software known as EPIC (Every Patient In the Center) for maintaining electronic health records of the patients. In this review, we are looking bed management in three ways: capacity management, admissions, and discharge. Bed management performance measures In general, hospitals should pursue to: maximize throughput per bed, minimize waiting time for beds, and maximize occupancy. The above three factors will be the key things in managing the bed management issues. In hospitals, throughput is maximized when the bed cycle time is minimized. Bed cycle time represent the time between one patient is discharged and leaves the room until the next patient is discharged and leaves the room. (Hall, 2012; Kobis Kennedy, 2006) According to R.Hall in Handbook of Healthcare System Scheduling, bed cycle time is the total sum of the following time: notification, housekeeping response, clearing,Show MoreRelatedThe Affordable Care Act Will Provide Health Insurance Coverage1361 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations must try to use their current resources competently and capitalize on inpatient bed capacity. Dealing with capacity and high census in hospitals and emergency departments (ED) is a universal problem.1 Hospitals need to enhance their capacity to meet the goal of keeping their doors open at all the times for their patients and community. However, high cost approaches like expanding capacity with more space, staffing, technology and care givers impend the expected bottom line benefitsRead More Technology and Language in Education: The Effect of New Technology on Teaching Languages1539 Words   |  7 Pages Annie Moore, a 15-year-old girl from Ireland arrived at Ellis Island in New York City on January 1, 1892. She was the first immigrant to come to that United States immigration station, but she was certainly not the last. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2000), 28.4 million of the 285.2 million US residents in 2000 were foreign-born. With such a large amount of our population being foreign-born, the need for effective language education is immense. The use of technology is very useful inRead MoreThe Disabilities Of The Americans With Disabilities Act1551 Words   |  7 PagesIn America, almost one in five people live with a disability (US Census Bureau, 2015). There are 6.4 million children between the ages of 3 to 21 that are receiving special education services (National Center for Education Statistics, 2014). In Georgia, 23.4% of the population are people under the age of 21 living with a disability (Erickson Schrader, 2014). Bulloch County has a population of 71,214 and of the entire population, 16% of them are living with a disability (Cornell, 2012). Read MoreHow Governments Spend Tax Dollars1871 Words   |  7 PagesSPECIAL TAXING DISTRICTS Citizens expect government to provide high quality, low-cost services through efficient use of public tax dollars. However, local governments with tight budgets and a multitude of needs vying for public funds often struggle to improve or even maintain services within their boundaries. Budget shortfalls may result in non-essential programs like parks, libraries and community colleges becoming severely underfunded or defunct, despite strong objections by citizens. County andRead MoreEffects Of Dropout Rates On The Latino Communities Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesare several studies and research that discuss the different factors that contribute to dropout rates in the Latino communities. As we look over previous literature and studies about dropout rates in the Latino population we will see the different factors that are currently being addressed and need improvement. Literature Review There is a high school dropout crisis far beyond the imagination of most Americans, concentrated in urban schools and relegating many thousands of minority children to aRead MoreTransition of Latino Students with Learning Disabilities: Applications for Rehabilitation Counseling2613 Words   |  11 Pagestimes the growth rate of the total population of 6.1% (U.S. Census Bureau). Of the U.S. Latinos, Mexicans are the largest Latino group in the United States with 64% (U.S. Census Bureau). Puerto Ricans are the second largest Latino group in the U.S. (not including those who live in Puerto Rico) with 9.0 % of the population (U.S. Census Bureau). The third largest group is Cuban (3.4%), and fourth largest group are Dominicans (2.8 %; U.S. Census Bureau). Other countries such Central and South America accountRead MoreEffects Of Dropout On The Latino Communities Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pagesare several studies and research that discusses the different factors that contribute to dropou t rates in the Latino communities. As we look over previous literature and studies about dropout rates in the Latino population we will see the different factors that are currently being addressed and need improvement. Literature Review There is a high school dropout crisis far beyond the imagination of most Americans, concentrated in urban schools and relegating many thousands of minority children to aRead MoreGentrification Of Gentrification And Labor Markets1397 Words   |  6 Pagesgentrification’s ability to displace labor from an economic standpoint. This review will primarily demonstrate that the limited research on gentrification and labor markets has concluded that a relationship between the two does seem to exist. In particular, the literature has shown that gentrification may negatively impact the manufacturing sector of the labor market, which has negative implications for urban economies. The review will also summarize the consensus reached by the scholars in the field,Read MoreBuying Behavior Towards Instant Food1542 Words   |  7 Pagesparticular attribute, previous experience etc. Instant food products: â€Å"Instant food products which are prepared and packaged often in powered form are required only the addition of a liquid as water or milk for final preparation†. ⠝â€" REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Referring to Solomon (2006, p.27) consumer behaviour is the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use or dispose of products, services, idea or  experiences. Consumer behaviour focuses on how individualsRead MoreLiterature Of Clabsi1723 Words   |  7 Pagestrauma patients. Review of the Literature Additional articles were limited in this study. Two publications evaluated the CLABSI impact of HCG impregnated PICC lines, one that is quasi-experimental the second being a two-year product review evaluation. The two publications noted decreased CLABSI rates with CHG impregnated PICC use, however literature does not examine impact on VTE development. It does not appear that there have been any random control studies conducted to review the impact on HCG

Climate Essay - 755 Words

Climate Essay Arlene Jernigan HCS/131 August 10, 2015 Joseph W. Hussar III Climate Essay The active listening that must take place in the workplace goes beyond just the hearing of the words that are spoken by the sender. In the business world, listening skills are acknowledged as a means to improve customer satisfaction, build partnerships, and maintain relationships among supervisors and employees (Shipley, 2010, p. 126). It is for this reason that management and staff alike, work together to improve its existence in the workplace. Active listening is a skill that must be cultivated and developed further; we are born with the ability to speak and hear but not the ability to listen. Each one of the listening steps such as†¦show more content†¦According to Cheesebro et al. (2010), supportive and defensive climate characteristics are as follows: Supportive climate characteristics- * Description - messages that explain your feelings, your reactions, and your needs to others * Problem Orientation - the point of view you share with another * Spontaneity - a genuine, natural way of communicating with honesty and openness * Empathy - communicates respect, understanding, and acceptance to another; puts yourself in anothers place * Equality - shares a sense of value and mutual respect regardless of power, status, or position * Provisionalism - refers to an open-minded view of new ideas, trying new behaviors, and seeking new solutions On the other hand, defensive characteristics include: * Evaluation - judges, criticizes, or blames another * Control - expects the other person to change his or her behavior * Strategy - involves manipulation, tricks, or a planned script, rather than free-flowing, open communication * Neutrality - expresses a lack of concern with a detached, impersonal tone * Superiority - involves looking down on others, creating feelings of inadequacy, fault, or failure * Certainty - characterized by a closed-minded, know-it-all view of the world with no need for changes (pp. 132 – 133) A supportive work climate motivates the staff to put forth the extra effort, utilizing his or her capabilities to not only pursue their goals but also strive towardShow MoreRelatedClimate Change Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Issues Everyone talks about climate change and how the Earth is slowly deteriorating, but no one seems to have specific examples. 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Tanzania has two distinct seasons, wetRead MoreEssay on Australian Climate1148 Words   |  5 PagesAustralian Climate Australian Climate Zones When looking at the climate of Australia, we can break up the continent into three basic areas of climate. The tropical region containing the northern peninsulas of Australia, as well as the city of Darwin, is hot and extremely wet. Average maximum temperatures range from 30 - 39 °C with an average annual rainfall of up to 400 cm. The tropical north is covered with rainforests and is regularly hit by tropical monsoons, hence the extreme amount ofRead MoreClimate Change Argumentative Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesClimate change is a change of our Earth’s climate throughout a long period of time. An example of climate change is the glaciers melting in the Arctic. When the glaciers it signals that our Earth is warming. This is a very serious issue because if the Earth is warming it can cause more intense storms or make it easier for natural disasters. Natural disasters are already a big enough problem as they are. Climate change is something we can not throw to the side. This is something that will eventuallyRead More Climate Change Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pages Global climate change has positive and negative effects on marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The cause of global climate change is said to be because carbon dioxide is being emitted through the large scale burning of oil, coal and gas, with an additional contribution coming from clearing of tropical forests and woodlands which results in wildlife life destruction. The carbon dioxide traps heat from the sun in the earths atmosphere and prevents it from being sent back out into space. The heat thatRead MoreClimate Change Essay924 Words   |  4 Pages1 Impact of Climate Change: Rainfall and temperature are the main parameters to measure the climate in a region. 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What Diversity Can Make Your Company - 1435 Words

Diversity in the Workplace Devany Irvin Over the course of time, people from many different cultures have migrated to the United States, making our nation and workforce a melting pot of languages. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, it is estimated that currently more than 300 languages are spoken in the United States. This makes it a daily challenge for companies who provide us with our daily needs and wants, it is evident that not all companies hire one person per every language spoken in the United States. However it is important that companies make an effort to hire a diverse workforce. There are many pros to hiring diversity, for example an increase in sales due to a larger market, better customer service, and†¦show more content†¦Many different cultures live or travel to the US making it hard on those companies who don’t have any diversity in their corporation. Companies who come across the opportunity to hire well qualified people who come from a different background, should hire them. This does not mean to turn down a perfectly good candidate for the lack of a second language. A multicultural, talented, and well trained employee gives their perspective companies a key advantage over their competitors. Diversity equates to a great amount of profit for the US, the combined Black, Hispanic, and Asian buying power is more than $750 billion. This is a huge contributing factor for US companies, as much of their profit is incorporated in the $750 billion. It is understandable companies do not want extra personnel due to the cost expenditure. However if the employee is bringing in more profit than what it is costing the company to keep them, why not have a designated job for a multicultural employee? Diversification these days, means so much more just than hiring minorities. Offering promotions and career options gives employees a chance to move forward without feeling ‘stuck.’ Employees who have a higher title in their job have a smaller turnover rate than those whom ne ver move forward with their careers. On a daily basis companies have people from different cultures walk into their institutions, a lot of the time when the customers try to communicate there is a language

Demographic Segmentation Free Essays

string(136) " are very popular among marketers as they are often associated with consumer needs and wants; another is that they are easy to measure\." Study of a demographic segment and its sub segment falling in the age group 18 year to 25 years Saneel Gaonkar IBS Gurgaon Study of a demographic segment and its sub segment falling in the age group 18 year to 25 years Introduction Different kinds of people display different buying patterns even in a segment of age group 18 years to 25 years. This truth is well understood by those people who are responsible for market research, product development, pricing, sales and strategy. Market segmentation is the identification of portions of market that are different from one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Demographic Segmentation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every individual falls under one or other demographic segment of the society ‘Mr. Philip Kotler has defined a market segment as a group of customers who share a similar set of needs and wants (Philip Kotler, 2009). ’ A market segment is a sub-set of a market made up of people or organizations with one or more characteristics that cause them to demand similar product and/or services based on qualities of those products such as price or function. The criteria that a true market segment should meet are as follows: distinct from other segments, homogenous within the segment, it responds similarly to market stimulus and it can be reached through market intervention. Researchers try to define segments by looking at descriptive characteristics: geographic, demographic and psychographic. Then they examine whether these customer segments exhibit different needs or product responses. Few other researchers have tried to define segments looking at behavioral consideration such as consumer responses to benefits, use occasions or brands. Researchers than see whether different characteristics are associated with each consumer response segment. (Philip Kotler, 2009). The key here is to identify customer differences. The major segmentation variables are Geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral segmentation. Living in metropolitan city like Mumbai exposes you to a wide competitive market in all sectors. Segmenting Consumers in Mumbai by using these segmenting techniques gives a thorough idea of the consumers in Mumbai Geographic Geographic segment calls for division of the market into different geographical units such as nation, states, region, countries, cities or neighborhoods. In India geographic segmentation assumes importance due to variation in consumer preferences and purchase habits across different regions, and across different states. In India rural and urban markets differ on number of different essential parameters like literacy levels, income, spending power. There is a vast difference in infrastructure such as electricity, telephone network and roads. The need to segment the market geographically becomes clearer when we look at some of the characteristics of the market. In India there are 5000 towns and over 6, 38,000 villages (Pradeep Kashyap, 2003-04) (Philip Kotler, 2009) Region Mumbai falls in Western region of India. There are few significances of this region that needs attention, Maharashtra the state with Mumbai as its capital derives its culture from Indo – Aryan Vedic culture influenced by the Maratha Empire and the British Empire. City of Mumbai According to 2011 census, the population of Mumbai was 12,478,447 (The Registrar General Census Commissioner, 2011). (censusindia. gov. in) According to extrapolations carried out by the World Gazetteer in 2010, Mumbai has a population of 13,830,884 and the Mumbai Metropolitan Area has a population of 21,347,412. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482persons per square kilometer. The sex ratio was 838 (females per 1,000 males) in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. PopulationIndia. com, 2011) The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work (â€Å"Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city†, 2004) As Per 2011 census, Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the BMC, has a literacy rate of 94. 7 %, higher than the national average of 86. 7%. (The Registrar General Census Commissio ner, 2011)Sixteen major languages of India are also spoken in Mumbai, most common being Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and English. The religions followed in Mumbai include Hindus (67. 39) , Muslims (18. 56%), Buddhists (5. 22%), Jain (3. 99%), Christians (4. 2%), Sikhs (0. 58%), Parsis and Jews making the rest of the population. (Mehta, 2004) Mumbai is also home to the largest population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the world, with about 80,000 Parsis in Mumbai. (â€Å"The world’s successful diasporas†) Looking at the data it is clear fact that Mumbai is a large market with intelligent customer. Amount of exposure to brands and products a person goes through in Mumbai is vast. Culture This Research also includes finding new potential markets in the age group of 18 to 25 years, for this purpose knowing the culture of Mumbai is also essential. The culture of any place is always determined from its people, cuisine, religion, language and festivals. Mumbai has a mixture of people from various communities and subsequently they follow different religions. The metropolitan observes modern trends; here people enjoy participating in all festivals irrespective of caste, creed and color. Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema. The influence of the Bollywood in the cities culture is observed. The cultural heritage of Mumbai presents a combination of old and new. The ‘bindaas’ or carefree approach of the Mumbaikars comes alive in their dialect of Mumbaiya Hindi too. (Principal Cities) Economy Mumbai is the financial and commercial capital of India. It generates 6. 16% of the total GDP. It is the economic hub of India, contributing 10% to factory employment 25% of industrial output, 33% of income tax collection, 60% of custom duty collection, 20% central excise duty collection ,40% of India’s foreign trade , Rs 4000 crore in corporate taxes. â€Å"The world’s successful diasporas†) In April 2008, Mumbai was ranked seventh in the list of â€Å"Top Ten Cities for Billionaires† by Forbes magazine, (Forbes Magzine) Demographic In demographic segmentation, the market is divided into groups on the basis of variables such as age, family size, family lifecycle, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, race, generation, nationality, a nd social class. Demographic variables are very popular among marketers as they are often associated with consumer needs and wants; another is that they are easy to measure. You read "Demographic Segmentation" in category "Papers" (Philip Kotler, 2009) Age and Lifecycle Age and Lifecycle are important variables to define segments as the needs and wants of the consumer change with age. Johnson Johnson’s baby oil which is popular in India is a classic example of product of infants. (Philip Kotler, 2009) This research is focused on the market segment which falls in the age group of 18 years – 25 years. Consumers falling into this age group may have the falling into this group may be college going students, working, pursuing higher education, married and working, having their own business . Their wants and needs differ from each other. College going students will have their own wants and needs, what a college student would need is education, books, clothes, food his wants are a cricket bat, mobile, bike etc, he may desire to get education in a higher graded college, a car, Touch screen mobile etc. Working consumers have different needs compared to students. Working consumers may need a mobile, laptop, bike, blazers; he automatically becomes a prospective customer to housing development companies, car companies, furniture companies, aviation companies, Food chains, financial service companies, holiday tours and travel package companies etc. Consumer who I married and working may need jewelry for his wife, furniture for his house and other consumer durable and non durable products, prospective customers for car manufacturers, Insurance companies etc. Consumers having their own business may need, a working space, desks, electricity, ac’s, he may become prospective customer for insurance companies, luxury car companies, High end products etc. So Consumer pursuing higher education falls between these four sub-segments, His needs are all a mixture of all three, he will be getting married so all the needs and wants of a married working is a part of this consumer group. So by this we can infer that this wants and needs of this group is a mixture of all the other sub- segments. Slicing this segment further by Gender we find Men and women are different in their behavior, Research shows that women are likely to pick up the product without prompting while men often like to read product information before buying. (Philip Kotler, 2009) Income Income segmentation is a long standing practice in variety of products and services. Income determines the ability of consumers to participate in the market exchange and hence this is a basic segmentation variable (Philip Kotler, 2009) Slicing the segment on the base of income we may see college going student, Students pursuing higher education are dependent on their family’s income , while other sub- segment are earning consumers who control their consumption pattern through their own pocket. Psychographic Segmentation Psychographic Segmentation is the process of using psychology and demographics to better understand consumers. In psychographic segmentation, buyers are divided into different group based on psychological / personality traits, lifestyle or values. People within the same demographic group can exhibit very different psychographic profile. (Philip Kotler, 2009) VALS (â€Å"Values, Attitudes and Lifestyles†) (Philip Kotler, 2009)is a research methodology used for psychographic market segmentation. VALS was developed in 1978 by Arnold Mitchell and his subordinated at SRI International VALS Framework and Segment Innovator: These Consumers have the highest incomes, and such high self-esteem and abundant resources that they can indulge in any or all self-orientations and are on the leading edge of change, Image is important to them as an expression of taste, independence, and character. Their consumer choices are directed toward the â€Å"finer things in life. † ? Thinkers: These consumers are the high-resource group of those who are motivated by ideals. Their characteristics are mature , responsible, well-educated professionals. They have high incomes but are practical consumers and rational decision makers. Believers: These consumers are the low-resource group of those who are motivated by ideals. They are predictable and conservative consumers who favor established brands. They have modest incomes. ?Achievers. These consumers are the high-resource group, motivated by achievement. Work-oriented people who get their satisfaction from their jobs and families fall under this category. They are politically conservative and respect authority and the status quo. They favor established products and services that show off their success to their peers. ?Strivers. These consumers are the low-resource group who are motivated by achievements. They have values very similar to achievers but have fewer economic, social, and psychological resources. Style is extremely important to them as they strive to emulate people they admire. ?Experiencers: These consumers are the high-resource group of those who are motivated by self-expression. They are the youngest and energetic of all the segments, . They have a lot of energy, which they pour into physical exercise and social activities. They are avid consumers, spending heavily on clothing, fast-foods, music, and other youthful favorites, with particular emphasis on new products and services. Makers: These consumers with low-resource group of those who are motivated by self-expression. They are practical people with value self-sufficiency. They are focused on the familiar-family, work, and physical recreation-and have little interest in the broader world. As consumers, they appreciate practical and functional products. ?Survivors. These consumers are with lowest incomes. They have t oo few resources to be included in any consumer self-orientation and are thus located below the rectangle. Oldest of all the segments, with a median age of 61. They tend to be brand-loyal consumers. The age group taken into consideration here is 18 to 25 year. Some of them may fall into Experiencers segment who are young and energetic and who are motivated by self expression. Some of them are thinkers, i. e. Smart buyers. Behavioral Segmentation Behavioral segmentation divides a population based on their behavior, the way the population respond to, use or know of a product. Consumer behavior is a subject studied in depth over time in marketing management. This is mainly because there are several factors which a consumer takes into consideration before taking a decision. Thus consumer decision making is affected by his behavior and that is exactly how the behavioral segments are targeted. (Philip Kotler, 2009) Forms of Behavioral segmentation Buying on occasions: Buying on occasions is the first form of behavioral segmentation. Products such as chocolates and premium foods will sell on festivals. Similarly, confectioneries will sell when there is a party. Thus these products are generally targeted by behavioral segmentation. Benefits sought – Several products are targeted towards the benefits sought by the customer. Recently, there has been a war between Colgate and sensodyne to target the people who have sensitive teeth. Similarly, there are other toothpastes which are targeted towards whitening of teeth. Hair shampoos are targeted towards split ends, anti dandruff or others. Loyalty – There are two ways to grow a business. First is to acquire new customers and second is to retain your existing customers. The more loyal your customer is to you, the more your customer base will increase. That’s one more kind of behavior which marketers target. The strategy for brand loyal customers is very different from that used for acquiring new customers. Usage rate – In residential or commercial segment, the usage can be demonstrated in the form of heavy usage, moderate usage or lesser usage. Taking the example of beauty parlors or personal care. There are some customers who use a lot of personal care products whereas others do not use personal care products much. Thus depending on their usage the customers can be targeted. Among the age group that we are focused on one may find all such behavioral buying patterns. A person can be loyal to one brand for one product , but for other product he may switch brand as he is getting discounts. Research Methodology Data Gathering and Analysis To have a clear perception of the term research one should know the meaning of scientific methods. The two main terms, research and scientific method, are closely related. Research as we have already stated can be termed as â€Å" an inquiry into the nature of, reason for and the consequences of any particular set of the circumstances, whether these circumstances are experimentally controlled or recorded just as they occur. Here the researcher is interested more than particular results; he is interested in the repeatability of the results and in their extension to more complicated and general situation. Research in common refers to a search for knowledge. Research can also be defined as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. It is usually an art of scientific investigation. The purpose of research is to discover answer to question through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as science of studying how research is done systematically. It has many dimensions and research methods do constitute a part of Research Methodology. The scope of Research methodology is wider than that of research method. 1. Why a research study has been undertaken? 2. How the research problem has been defined? 3. In what way and why the hypothesis has been formed? Are usually answered when we talk of research methodology concerning a research problem or study. Whatever may be the types of research works and studies, one thing i. e. important is that they all meet on the common ground of scientific method employed by them. The research methodology can be defined as a way systematically solves the research problem along with the logic behind them. Researchers not only need to how to develop certain indices, how to calculate mean, mode, median and how to apply particular research technique and what would they mean and indicate and why? All this means that it is necessary for the researchers to design his methodology for his problem. The scope of Research methodology is wider than that of research methods. Thus research methodology deals itself not only with research method but also in considering the logic behind the methods used in the research study. Research Design: The research design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It is a plan of action, a plan of collecting and analyzing data in economic, efficient and relevant be manner. It contains the blue print for the collection, measurement analysis of data. The proposed study is an exploratory cum descriptive. The purpose of preparing research design could be either to test a hypothesis or to give a cause effect relationship to the given situation. The design provides answers for questions such as: â€Å"What techniques will be used to gather data? † â€Å"What kind of sampling will use? † As in this case research is to be a quantitative research. We are dealing with 12,478,447 population of Mumbai and slicing it to different segments. The data that has to be collected should be from an authentic source as the research is based on authentic facts of the region. Quantitative research Systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. Asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze utilizing statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlation, and survey (or descriptive). ] Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. SOURCES OF DATA: The data that has to be collected has to be authentic, so it should be collected from authentic source like government websites, this type of research require authentic quantitative data. Data collection from primary sources is not a option here. So data has to be collected from secondary sources. Secondary Data: Information regarding the project, secondary data was also required. These data were collected from various past studies and other sources like magazines, newspapers, and websites which qualified as reliable. Limitations of the study †¢Limited Access to Secondary data †¢Lack of time Conclusion Mumbai is a large consumer base, the youth population following in the age group of 18 to 25 years itself is diverse in their own ways, each of them have different wants , needs and desires. All of their wants and needs are not always satisfied. Markets are oversaturated with products at claim to fulfill their needs; some fulfill the needs some partially. Buying decision of the consumer in this age depends upon what he thinks about the product and the brand and the amount of exposure he has gone through for that brand. As we are saying the needs of the consumers may be partially filled, so automatically there is a consumer base who wants something that will fulfill their needs in totality, this brings about a market opportunity for the companies which can be targeted by them, i. . slicing into that segment of Mumbai consumers. Many of the consumers are unaware of their needs as well, Example, Including the use of day today technology in household activities etc, there are many untapped markets in Mumbai that has to be exploited by the companies, Consumers of this age group are attracted to new technology and feature, they want to stay ahead of their generation, these wan ts and desires should be tapped upon by the companies. Bibliography â€Å"Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city†. (2004, september 8). Times OF India . The world’s successful diasporas†. (n. d. ). Retrieved from Managementtoday. co. uk. censusindia. gov. in. (n. d. ). â€Å"Ranking of districts of Maharashtra by population size 2011†. Retrieved from censusindia. gov. in. Forbes Magzine. (n. d. ). Mehta, S. (2004). Maximum City Bombay Lost and found. Philip Kotler. (2009). Marketing Manager- A South Asian Perspective. Dorling Kindersley. PopulationIndia. com, â€Å". . (2011, June 1). Populationindia. wordpress. com. Pradeep Kashyap. (2003-04). â€Å"Selling to the Hinterland†. Business World , 88-91. Principal Cities. Government of Maharashtra. How to cite Demographic Segmentation, Papers

Oedipus The Tragic Hero Essay Example For Students

Oedipus The Tragic Hero Essay In the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Oedipus is a classic tragic hero. According to Aristotles definition, Oedipus is a tragic hero because he is a king whose life falls apart when he finds out his life story. There are a number of characteristics described by Aristotle that identify a tragic hero. For example, a tragic hero must cause his own downfall; his fate is not deserved, and his punishment exceeds the crime; he also must be of noble stature and have greatness. Oedipus is in love with his idealized self, but neither the grandiose nor the depressive Narcissus can really love himself (Miller 67). All of the above characteristics make Oedipus a tragic hero according to Aristotles ideas about tragedy, and a narcissist. Using Oedipus as an ideal model, Aristotle says that a tragic hero must be an important or influential man who makes an error in judgment, and who must then suffer the consequences of his actions. Those actions are seen when Oedipus forces Teiresias to reveal his destiny and his fathers name. When Teiresias tries to warn him by saying I say that you and your most dearly loved are wrapped together in a hideous sin, blind to the horror of it (Sophocles 428). Oedipus still does not care and proceeds with his questioning as if he did not understand what Teiresias was talking about. The tragic hero must learn a lesson from his errors in judgment and become an example to the audience of what happens when great men fall from their lofty social or political positions. According to Miller, a person who is great, who is admired everywhere, and needs this admiration to survive, has one of the extreme forms of narcissism, which is grandiosity. Grandiosity can be seen when a person admires himself, his qualities, such as beauty, cleverness, and talents, and his success and achievements greatly. If one of these happens to fail, then the catastrophe of a severe depression is near (Miller 34). Those actions happen when the Herdsman tells Oedipus who his mother is, and Oedipus replies Oh, oh, then everything has come out true. Light, I shall not look on you Again. I have been born where I should not be born, I have been married where I should not marry, I have killed whom I should not kill; now all is clear (Sophocles 1144). Oedipuss decision to pursue his questioning is wrong; his grandiosity blinded him and, therefore, his fate is not deserved, but it is far beyond his control. A prophecy is foretold to Laius, the father of Oedipus, that the destiny of Oedipus is a terrible one beyond his control. But when it is prophesized to Oedipus, he sets forth from the city of his foster parents in order to prevent this terrible fate from occurring. Oedipuss destiny is not deserved because he is being punished for his parents actions. His birth parents seek the advice of the Delphi Oracle, who recommends that they should not have any children. When the boy is born, Laius is overcome with terror when he remembers the oracle. Oedipus is abandoned by his birth parents and is denied their love, which is what results in what Miller calls Depression as Denial of the Self. Depression results from a denial of ones own emotional reactions, and we cannot really love if we deny our truth, the truth about our parents and caregivers as, well as about ourselves (Miller 43). The birth of Oedipus presets his destiny to result in tragedy even though he is of noble birth. In tragedies, protagonists are usually of the nobility that makes their falls seem greater. .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f , .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f .postImageUrl , .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f , .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f:hover , .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f:visited , .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f:active { border:0!important; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f:active , .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05e7d7711f6c35adc8e6ed654f926f6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Testimony - The End of the Road Essay Oedipus just happens to be born a prince, and he has saved a kingdom that is rightfully his from the Sphinx. His destiny is to be of noble stature from birth, which is denied to him by his parents, but given back by the Sphinx. His nobility deceived him as well as his reflection, since it shows only his perfect, wonderful face and not his inner world, his pain, his history (Miller 66). When he relies on his status, he is blind, not physically, but emotionally. He is

Essays In Cold Blood as Literary Journalism Cold Essay Example For Students

Essays: In Cold Blood as Literary Journalism Cold Essay Blood Essays In Cold Blood as Literary Journalism Literary journalism is criticized as being the bad child of the modern age of media and hype(Yagoda, In). But, looking back through the ages, there are many examples of what is now called literary journalism, or blurring the line between fact and fiction. What has changed . . . is not the practice of literary journalism but expectations about truth (In). In Postmodern American Fiction, the editors make the point that Truman Capotes In Cold Blood (1965) illustrates how the postmodern inclination to blur the boundary between standard journalism and fiction could itself create a new layer of narrative tension within the bounds of the tradition novel(125). According to Yagoda, though, this isnt a new trend. Yagoda cites Daniel Defoes 1722 novel, A Journal of the Plague Year. It was supposedly the account of a resident of London during The Great Plague, 1664-1665. In 1664 Defoe was four-years-old. He used history to create the fictional journal, making the story a little more personal (In). Yagoda also uses Thucydides as an example. In Book I of his history of the Peloponnesian Wars, the author writes, As to the speeches which were made either before or during the war, it was hard for me, and for others who reported them to me, to recollect the exact words. I have therefore put into the mouth of each speaker the sentiments proper to the occasion, expressed as I thought he would be likely to express them (In). These two examples, and there are many more that could be added to this list, show that literary journalism isnt new, nor is it the product of media hype. The thing that is new is the how truthful the author is about his fabrications. One of the first things a journalism student learns is to attribute anything that is not known fact. With the publishing of In Cold Blood, Capote was lauded for his, . . . meticulous accuracy and total recall, which obviated the need for not taking notes (In). Capote used his journalistic skills, and, because he didnt attribute anything to anyone, the story became fiction. It was the beginning of many such books by journalists. The list includes Sleepers by Lorenzo Carcaterra, The Last Brother by Joe McGinniss, and Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil by John Berendt (which is considered non-fiction although the author has said he made up some conversations and messed with the chronology). Many of the books have been made into hit movies. Thus, the line has been blurred. By taking the truth, changing it just slightly, and calling it fiction based on facts, the reader reads what he believes to be true. But most readers are smart enough to realize when the author is fabricating and when he is telling the truth. Most readers see the fiction based on fact and realize the author has taken the facts and made up a story. As Joseph Mitchell said in the authors note to Old Mr. Flood, I wanted these stories to be truthful rather than factual. This will never be every writers aspiration, nor should it be; facts have a beauty, precision and power all their own (In). Works Cited Geyh, Paula, Fred G. Leebron, and Andrew Levy. Postmodern American Fiction. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 1998. Yagoda, Ben. In Cold Facts, Some Books Falter. New York Times 15 March 1998, late ed. Lexis-Nexis. .